Introduction to Industrial Engineering

History and Development of Industrial
Engineering

Introduction

• Industrial Engineering (IE) is emerging as one of a small number “glamour” professions that will be counted on for solving complex problems in the highly technological world of the future.
• IE curricula are designed to prepare students to meet the
  challenges of the future.
• Many IE graduates will, indeed, design modern
  manufacturing facilities.
• Other will elect to design health-care delivery systems,
  transportation systems, or other systems that provide
  services rather than manufactured products.

Demand for Industrial Engineers:

• The demand for industrial engineers is strong, and
  growing each year.
• In fact, the demand for I.E.s greatly exceeds the supply.
• This demand/supply imbalance is greater for I.E. than for
  any other engineering or science discipline and is
  projected to exist for many years in the future.

The Modern Era:

• The modern era of engineering is defined as beginning in 1750 for two reasons.
• Engineering schools appeared in France in the eighteenth century.
• The term civil engineer was first used in 1750.

The following  will show the development of

• Civil Engineering.
• Mechanical Engineering.
• Electrical Engineering
• Chemical Engineering.
• Industrial Engineering.

Mechanical Engineering

• Interrelated advancements in the fields of physics and mathematics laid the groundwork for practical applications of mechanical principles.
• An important advancements was the development of a practical steam engine that could perform useful work.
• Once such an engine was available (approximately1700), many mechanical devices were developed that could be driven by the engine.
• These efforts culminated in the emergence of mechanical engineering as a distinct branch in the early nineteenth century.

Electrical Engineering

• The first significant application of electrical science was the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse(1840).
• Thomas Edison’s invention of the carbon-filament lamp (1880)led to the widespread use of electricity for lighting
• This in turn lead to very rapid developments in the generation, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy for a variety of labour-saving purposes.
• Engineers who choose to specialize in this activity are
  electrical engineers.

Chemical Engineering

• Along with the developments in mechanical and electrical technology were accompanying developments in the understanding of substances and their properties.
• The science of chemistry is concerned with understanding the nature of matter and in learning how to produce desirable changes in materials.

- Fuels were needed for developing new combustion engines

-Lubricants were needed for numerous mechanical devices.
-Dyes were needed in the manufacture of a wide variety  of consumer products .

• This field of engineering became known as chemical
  engineering. 

Industrial Engineering

•  As industrial organizations emerged to capitalize on the rapidly developing array of technological innovations, the size and complexity of manufacturing units increased dramatically.
• It was recognized that business and management practices that had worked well for small shops and farms simply were inadequate for large, complex manufacturing organizations.
• The need for better management systems led to the development of industrial engineering..

The Engineering Process

• General activities of all engineers

      • Engineers solve problems

      • Engineers analyze problems
      • Engineers design systems

• Probably the most distinguishing characteristic of engineering is that it is concerned with the design of systems.

What is Design?

• Design involves a considerable amount of creativity.
• Synthesis is a term whose meaning is almost as design.
  

              • Analysis is concerned with resolving something into its basic elements
              • Synthesis is concerned with combining elements into a whole.

• For example, a beam having certain properties (size, material, loading points…) an analysis of this beam shows that the beam would support 100 tons.
• What if you are asked to design a beam that can support
  100 tons? Synthesis of beam’s different properties would
  result a number of answers.

The Heritage of IE

• Division of labor (Adam Smith 1776; Charles Babbage 1852)
• Standardized parts (Whitney 1800)
• Scientific Management (Taylor 1881)
• Coordinated assembly line (Ford/ Sorenson/Avery 1913)
• Gantt charts (Gantt 1916)
• Motion study (Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 1922)
• Quality control (Shewhart 1924; Deming 1950)

Eli Whitney

• Born 1765; died 1825
• In 1798, received government contract to make 10,000 muskets
• Showed that machine tools could make standardized parts to exact specifications

- Musket parts could be used in any musket

Frederick W. Taylor

•  Born 1856; died 1915
• Known as ‘father of scientific management’
  
• In 1881, as chief engineer for Midvale Steel, studied how tasks were done
  

               • Began first motion and time studies

• Created efficiency principles

Taylor’s Principles

• Management Should Take More Responsibility for:

              • Matching employees to right job
              • Providing the proper training
              • Providing proper work methods and tools
              • Establishing legitimate incentives for work to be accomplished

Frank & Lillian Gilbreth

•  Frank (1868-1924); Lillian (1878-1972)
• Husband-and-wife engineering team
• Further developed work measurement methods

Henry Ford

• Born 1863; died 1947
• In 1903, created Ford Motor Company
• In 1913, first used moving assembly line to make Model

                • Unfinished product moved by conveyor past work station

• Paid workers very well for 1911 ($5/day!)

Definition of Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of
people, materials, information, equipment, and energy.
It draws upon specialised knowledge and skill in mathematical, physical, and social sciences together
with the principles and methods of engineering
analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate

the results to be obtained from such systems.

The Institute of Industrial Engineers 

•  IIE is the world’s largest professional society dedicated solely to the support of the industrial engineering profession and individuals involved with improving quality and productivity.
• Founded in 1948, IIE is an international, nonprofit association that provides leadership for the application, education, training, research, and development of industrial engineering.

                                          http://www.iienet2.org/

Productivity

Productivity is the value of outputs (services and products) produced, divided by the value of input resources(wages, costs of equipment, etc.)

                   productivity = out put / input

The Productivity Challenge

•  Productivity is the ratio of outputs (goods and services) divided by the inputs (resources).
  

                            • Productivity = Output/Input

• Improving productivity means improving efficiency.
• The operations manager’s job is to enhance this ratio
  

                            • Reduction in input while keeping output constant.

                            • Increasing output while keeping input constant.

• It must be noted that high production implies only production of large number of products, but it does NOT mean high productivity.